Essay on Terrorism in George Bushs 2001 State of the...

Terrorism in George Bushs 2001 State of the Union Address Recently, President Bush gave his State of the Union Address to Congress. Throughout his speech, he makes a solid case for the further unification of America throughout these harsh times. He makes a very strong argument for the retaliation of the actions committed against America. However, when he speaks of bringing the terrorists to justice, his argument falters. He has made a hasty judgement with little proof when he first began his argument. Bush also presented a very strong argument in support America’s unification process. He speaks of the American people and what he has already witnessed in past weeks, such as the lighting of candles, the prayers of Americans, the†¦show more content†¦In essence he is giving us a reason to hate them as well and fueling the fires of war. Bush’s argument was solid in making the point that America is not attacking all Muslims, but just this one sect of the religi on. Bush states: We respect your faith †¦ Its teachings are good and peaceful, and those who commit evil in the name of Allah blasphemes the name of Allah †¦ The enemy is not our Muslim friends; it is not our Arab friends. Our enemy is a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them. This statement serves two functions. It Allows the rest of the Arab world to know that America is not at war with them and it also serves to let Americans know that American Muslims are not our enemy. This helps in unifying America because it aids in bluring the lines of race and religion that have become very clear for many Americans since the attack took place. Hate crimes have become a common place over the past few weeks and have only further driven a wedge in the unification of America. Bush’s argument that it was the Al Qaeda that committed these crimes comes off being quite weak. There is no evidence that fully supports that it was that terrorist group that committed the attack on America. He states in his speech that, â€Å"The evidence we have gathered all points to a collection of loosely affiliatedShow MoreRelatedEssay about The War on Terror1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe attacks of 9/11 have reshaped and changed the way how Americans live today, forever. Nev er before such shock and terror has been felt by anyone on the American soil. On the morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen terrorist extremists hijacked four commercial planes, the planes deviated from their original routes. Two of the planes crashed into the Twin Towers in New York, one of the planes crashed into the Pentagon and the fourth plane crashed en route to either the White House or the CapitolRead More George W. Bush’s Language Comprising the War on Terror Essay5251 Words   |  22 Pages This paper will focus on the imagery, symbols, and metaphors that constitute George W. Bush’s rhetoric on the current â€Å"war on terror.† Through an examination of the language that the president employs when speaking about the war on terror, I will elucidate several different categories of rhetoric he uses to describe different aspects of this conflict. Though largely descriptive, I will briefly compare Bush’s current conflict rhetoric with the conflict rhetoric of past presidents. ThroughRead MoreGeorge W Bush s Presidency Essay2151 Words   |  9 PagesGeorge W Bush’s presidency can be associated with an infamous term that stood out from the State of the Union address, that term being ‘Axis of Evil’. In this context, Bush categorised the countries of Iran, Iraq and North Korea as being ‘evil’ states. This neoconservative comment left little doubt as to what Bush’s foreign policy towards these states was going be (B axter and Akbarzadeh, 2008). 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Four commercial jetliners were hijacked and diverted from their paths to be used as guided missiles. Two of the jetliners ended up by crashing into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, New York City, around 9:00 a.m. local time. Half an hour later, the third jetliner crashed into theRead MoreImagined Community, Orientalism and Moral Panic Concepts2167 Words   |  9 PagesImagined community, Orientalism and Moral Panic Concepts, underlying Post-9/11 US Presidential Speeches Introduction George W. Bush’s administration and American mass media mounted a sustained project in post-9/11 era to ‘save’ US intact identity and delegitimize critical thoughts about Middle East, Islam and Arabs. This project was implemented by inducing a picture of ‘Self’ or ‘White’ as of Americans versus ‘Others’ as of Arabs and Muslims. In the project, American society is surrounded byRead More Motives for Iraq War through Realism and Neo-Conservatism Lenses2018 Words   |  9 PagesThe invasion on Iraq by the United States in 2003 has become the biggest, lengthiest, and most expensive use of armed force since the Vietnam War. It is the first major post-Cold War U.S. military action taken unilaterally, without an international coalition, and the first U.S. experience as an occupying power in a Middle Eastern country. Although the invasion decision was distinctive (U.S. military connection in an Arab or Muslim country), the argument h ere is that the Iraqi invasion deals withRead More Mending the Transatlantic Rift Essay4789 Words   |  20 Pagesthe Transatlantic Rift The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 ushered in an era of dramatic change for foreign policy and the international system. Most obviously, the United States’ sense of invulnerability eroded as an acute awareness to the perils of terrorism gripped the American public. In American foreign policy, the dominant paradigms evolved. Whereas the Cold War notion of the centrality of powerful nation-states had helped order the Bush administration’s outlook before the attacksRead More Protecting Ourselves from Media Manipulation: The Use of Alternative Media as an Information Source5213 Words   |  21 Pagessimilar broadcasts were to occur today, they might trigger widespread fear that a biological or chemical terrorism attack was actually underway, even though no actual proof might be visible. With this said it is important to take note of the constant bombarding of images of soldiers in the battlefield and the constant threats of future terrorist attacks provided by the news media. As George Orwell explains, â€Å"†¦if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. A bad usage can spreadRead MoreUnited States Intervention in Iraq Essay2113 Words   |  9 PagesUnited States Intervention in IRAQ Table of Contents Type chapter title (level 1) 1 Type chapter title (level 2) 2 Type chapter title (level 3) 3 Type chapter title (level 1) 4 Type chapter title (level 2) 5 Type chapter title (level 3) 6 US Intervention in IRAQ: Introduction: The war on terrorism led the United States to intervene and play a vital part in world history. The United States administration decided to send our troops to help destroy weapons of mass destruction under Saddam

There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business Free Essays

string(78) " feel that this downturn is caused by normal fluctuations in business cycles\." There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business. IT is not an exception. During downturn profit margins take a toll and consumer confidence plummets. We will write a custom essay sample on There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business executives around the world eagerly scan the latest report on economic indicators and search for good news. Downturn affects many segments. It is not only the industry that experiences the negatives of the economy, but also the common man is affected. Economic uncertainty elicits different reactions from different firms. Some organizations simply tread water and attempt to ride out the storm; others swim upstream with the intent to move ahead of their competitors. As executives rethink their business strategies, they should consider a variety of approaches – including some that are not immediately obvious given today’s uncertain economic climate. 2 Problem Definition Understanding the problem is a key to solving it. Howsoever generic this statement may be, it is apt to say that the strategies and actions formulated to emerge strong in downturn may not succeed without understanding how the downturn was caused. It is imperative to understand the factors that influence the downturn and how a particular downturn may be triggered. The cause could be many; a particular industry segment might not meet expectations and could trigger decrease in growth in other sectors. E.g. the dot com burst. In this section we endeavor to list down indicators that could possible play a role in causing the downturn. Along with it we also list down the reactions that companies worldwide give to tackle downturns. By way of research we would like to present how these reactions can indeed be made operational strategies to emerge victorious in the downturn. 2.1 Economic Downturn – Defined Economic Downturn is defined by a significant decline in total output, income, employment, and trade, usually lasting from six months to a year, and marked by widespread contractions in many sectors of the economy. Downturns can be * Industry specific * Economy based * Long term/ short term or * Geography specific The severity of an Economic Downturn is measured through parameters like: Economy * Employment * GDP Growth * Interest rates * Inflation * Investments * Public Expenditure Corporate * Lack of growth in profitability * Falling earning outlooks * Squeeze in margins * Drop in share price Index * Low dividends * High investor expectation * Dried-up cash flow * Low capacity utilization * Urgent need for cost optimization * Increased market competition * Stagnant Markets – Non expanding – Frozen pie vs. Expanding Pie People * Fall in Personal income * Fall in Personal expenditure * Fall in Private Investments 2.2 Company Reactions during downturn Companies adopt various tactics that can help them emerge stronger and subsequently more competitive when the economic upturn arrives. Forward-thinking initiatives that concentrate on lowering an organization’s ongoing cost structure are more effective than blanket budget cuts. The tactics focus equally on efficiency and expansion, since businesses keen on moving ahead have to consider both perspectives. In fact, when corporate coffers are clamped shut, companies must rely on efficiency gains to fund expansion initiatives 2.2.1 Cut Costs Cutting the cost is probably the most obvious option for a company when margins are thin. Cost cutting is done in different forms and many of the following options directly or indirectly deal with them. 2.2.2 Improve Focus In boom times, the proverbial strategy is to let a thousand flowers bloom. However, when the financial picture darkens, the businesses tend to do some pruning. An economic downturn becomes an ideal time to focus the corporation’s scarce resources -both marketing and manufacturing dollars – on the most popular, promising or profitable products and brands. In other words, invest in the best and ignore the rest. Savings from consolidation efforts can then be applied to further support selected focus areas. Similarly, businesses try to concentrate on acquiring and retaining the most profitable customer sets: How? 1. Forego expensive mass-marketing efforts; instead, market directly to carefully targeted prospects 2. Focus efforts on serving top accounts better than ever. Understand customer cost and revenue drivers to determine the real â€Å"top accounts†, then consider e-commerce and self-service solutions that can increase satisfaction while lowering costs. 3. Learn to effectively use information that is already available in-house to build revenues from the existing customer base. By combining in-house information with proprietary market data, the company can start to understand the â€Å"why† of customer preferences and build a stronger competitive advantage. 2.2.3 Ease points of pain When revenues are climbing continuously, inefficiencies are easy to ignore; declines in per-unit margins can be made up through volume. But when growth stalls, margins come under tremendous scrutiny, forcing companies to inspect every aspect of their business for possible improvements. Rarely can a business simply stop performing a function; instead, it must find a way to accomplish the task differently. This often requires the help of technology. Surplus inventory, high work-in-process and supply-and-demand discrepancies are more costly than ever. By digitally linking the entire supply chain and collaborating electronically with suppliers and customers, companies can potentially lower costs in the short term and improve market responsiveness over time. 2.2.4 Share costs It’s not surprising that when margins are squeezed, firms search out and eliminate redundancy. Internal and external best practices implemented through shared or common business models across the enterprise can dramatically lower costs while increasing competitiveness. However, an â€Å"all or nothing† approach to standardization can sometimes backfire. When implementation teams look beneath the surface of â€Å"common functions†, they often discover legitimate needs for variance. Before too long, the cost of processing exceptions outweighs the anticipated synergy savings. An effective shared services strategy requires a deeper analysis up front – pursuing similar parts, not necessarily the whole function. Rather than forcing each function – regardless of line of business – into a standard mold, look for naturally occurring affinities, pinpoint specific areas of similarity, and combine those particular pieces. 3 Analysis 3.1 Reasons for Downturn Studies have shown that the following are the main reasons for downturn: 60% of the respondents feel that this downturn is caused by normal fluctuations in business cycles. You read "There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business" in category "Papers" The fluctuations in share markets are attributed as the reason for downturn by 20% of the respondents. Only 15% of the respondents felt that the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center is the cause for the downturn. This shows that people perceive downturn as a natural phenomenon happening due to ups and downs in the economy. Terrorist attacks and other reasons, are not the main factors causing downturn, but they can trigger an already bad situation worse. 3.2 How do people see the downturn Majority (61%) of the people feel that downturn is an opportunity to find newer markets, restructure their organization and fine-tune the process to increase productivity. The findings here support our arguments provided in the previous section. Downturn is definitely an opportunity for businesses to take a look at their processes, the way they provide services to customers, markets and other factors affecting them and improve their way of working. 3.3 Strategies to focus during downturn Studies found that during a downturn the energies of people are concentrated in keeping their customers happy. 32% of the people have made this as their primary focus area. The other areas where people are concentrating are in strengthening the sales and distribution/marketing. When getting new business is tough, it makes sense to keep the existing customers happy, provide them the extra bit for their dollar and come up with innovative ideas to service them. Keeping the existing business stable can sustain the current revenues and increase. Repeat business can increase the revenues. With these factors in mind, people are following customer centric strategies to face the downturn. 3.4 HR strategies during downturn Human Resources are on of the key focus area during a downturn. Cost can be cut cost by retrenching employees. Productivity can be increased by extending the working hours or by employing cross-functional training. â€Å"Punish the non-performers† is the key mantra. 80% of the respondents have stated that this is the primary task that needs to be accomplished or that their companies have started identifying non-performers and taken steps to ensure that employees perform to expectations. Some of them advocate extending the working hours. There seems to be not much support for unpaid leave or freezing salaries among the people interviewed. 3.5 Outsourcing as an option Downturns might pose a good opportunity to study what the companies are doing the best and discard the rest. Outsourcing to low cost destinations is definitely being looked as a possible opportunity. 76% of the respondents feel that they should resort to outsourcing non-core activities. 4 Suggested Strategy to Manage Downturns â€Å"Recessions, sound a lot worse than they are — in part because they’re a great opportunity to move forward on key strategies and to take on competitors.† To get through a recession the most important thing for a company to do is to keep a positive attitude and identify its challenges and convert them into opportunities. There are various strategies that a company can adopt to not only survive but also grow in a reversionary economy. Based on the various arguments and data provided in the previous sections, we are in a position to present these action items to manage business in a downturn. We have grouped them under different functional management areas. 4.1 Core Competencies Recession is the time when a company must concentrate on its core competencies. Core Competence implies Resource, strength, skills or a combination that provide tangible advantage to a firm. It is very essential for the company to maintain focus and do what it does best. It is dangerous for a company to venture into unknown territories with an intention to broad-base itself, as one wrong decision could make it fall deep in the red. Every company must take stock of its strengths and leveraging unique strengths that are difficult to emulate. It should strive to enhance its knowledge and skill by keeping in touch with the market requirements. Identify strengths and axe weaknesses. This can translate in restructuring, selling or closing weak or mediocre businesses. Selling is particularly difficult, as the same division might have fetched much more in good days. In a downturn, this aspect should not change the focus. Companies cannot afford to waste money and management attention in areas that destroy value or limit their ability to invest in the future. Young companies may not have enough run way for the next year or two. They must rapidly adopt survival strategies. Tough choices range from giving up equity at low valuations; merging with compatible product or service companies; partnering to, in effect, use other people’s resources; or narrowing the strategic focus to a bare minimum. A careful study and analysis will help in taking the right decision. 4.2 Customer is the King Repeat business from customers is important to maintain profitability. It has been proven that, repeat business accounts for around 70% of the total business in most of the established companies. Customer delight should be the focus. Offer something to the customer, which not only exceeds his expectations but also goes even beyond it. E.g. Special features in a software application/product in line with the customer requirements. Infosys receives 85% of its revenues from its existing customers. This is what we can call as a â€Å"Customer focused capabilities† which Infosys has built over a period of time. Customer delight can also be achieved by actually sending out people on the field and spending time with the customers to find out their requirements, the value they put on the product or service offered by the company, their level of satisfaction with the quality and other suggestions they can offer to better our product. This strategy was recently adopted by Hindustan Lever Ltd. with their â€Å"feel the pulse† drive. 4.3 Human Resource 4.3.1 Talent Retention At the outset, we have shown that recession and growth form a continuous circle. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to resist the temptation of cutting costs through retrenchment, as it sows the problem of rehiring professionals when the economy turns around. Instead, companies should encourage their employees to accept pay-cuts, and cross- train them so as to equip them with the necessary skills that will help the company take advantage of the opportunities that arise once the situation improves. Many companies that want to cut costs during recession adopt the policy of downsizing. A vast number of talented professionals are thus available for recruitment. Managers can take advantage of this favorable situation by recruiting these professionals after thoroughly interviewing them, thus testing their competency levels, attitudes, and the organizational culture fit. 4.3.2 Miscellaneous Actions Companies can resort to cross-train people in view of the opportunities that can come up after the recession is over. This is more like doing an investment in hope of better time to come In case of situations that warrant stopping the production, companies can ask the employees to take unpaid leaves or giving extended weekends. Lucent has adopted this strategy. It can have a downside to it by way of loosing talented employees because of employees getting demoralized. Offering additional perks to those who can get in more business can motivate employees. This can be mainly applicable to the marketing and sales force. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric Co. called pay freezes â€Å"the worst crime of management† and underscored his long-held belief in a meritocracy approach that consistently rewards the top 20% of employees and dismisses the bottom 10%. While he was CEO at GE, Welch said, 75% of his time was spent â€Å"evaluating people† and raising the company’s intellectual capital â€Å"through candid evaluations.† 5 Conclusion: Economic Downturn is a phenomenon that occurs at different spheres of the society and attracts a lot of attention from the corporate world, the policy makers and of course the common man. The strategies to set things right are also decided at various levels and encompass a wide range of actions. Above study consists of observing typical industry response to downturn, conducting primary research through surveys and analyzing the data and secondary research through analyzing reports and news available in business journals and internet research groups like Gartner, Meta group etc. How to cite There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business, Papers

College Sports Essay Example For Students

College Sports Essay Student Athletes Deserve More than Scholarships Student Athletes Deserve More than Scholarships. A Look into the Finances of MajorCollege Sports Programs Student-athletes at major colleges and universities do more than attendclasses, practices, and compete against other teams. They generate money. Supporters of theplay-for-pay concept believe that since major college athletic programs produce large sums ofmoney through television rights fees, bowl games, ticket sales and other means, student-athletesdeserve more than just a grant-in-aid for their efforts. As a result, intercollegiate sports havedeveloped into a highly specialized, multi-million dollar entertainment industry that rides on theThis industry has in turn resulted in substantial rewards for big time athletic programs andthe NCAA. While universities are eager to compensate coaches for the exploits of their playersthey are steadfast in their abidance of the NCAA Manual. This idea would have us believe thefinancial system bet ween universities and student-athletes is unfairly balanced in favor of theinstitution. A university realizes millions in revenue and all the athlete gets is a measly scholarship. Article 12 of the NCAA bylaws provides that a student-athlete loses amateur status along withthe right to participate in intercollegiate athletics when he is found to have received funds, awards,or other impermissible benefits established under NCAA legislation. Schools should either stickto this in every case, or just not at all. These prohibitions on payment include direct compensationfor athletic participation and receipt of financial aid above the cost of tuition, fees, room, board,and books. While student-athletes directly contribute millions of dollars in revenue to institutionsthey receive nothing but the minimum cost to keep them in school. Most of these young men andwomen come from lower-middle class and lower-class families that are unable to send thestudents spending money during the year or pay for a plane ticket home for the holidays. All over the nation, we hear of athletes leaving school early to play professional sports. And it is simply because that these athletes can not survive only on their scholarship money. Where do they get the money without a job? The cost of living or just making ends meat, forcesthe athlete to leave school and find work. That is what happens when you play professionally, itbecomes your work, your job. That is what puts food on the table and money in the bank. Mostcollege athletes are on scholarships and receive money for their education, room and board. However, my point is that these athletes dont have an opportunity to make money for theirThe NCAA forbids student-athletes from working for wages during the school year. Ifparents are unable to send their son or daughter money for anything not covered by theirscholarship they are penniless. Most people think that an athlete should just be thankful for theeducation he receives in exchange for a few hours of practice. But an enormous amount of cash isbeing circulated within that school, at the athletes expense, which that athl ete will never lay eyeson. The solution to the money problem is simple, pay them. I am not talking about millions oreven thousands of dollars. Give each student-athlete the same amount of pay they could receivein a normal job. The wage would be the same for every athlete based on division within the samesport. Every player would receive the same amount regardless of on field contribution. Havingevery school abide by equal pay would eliminate larger, more profitable schools from offeringbigger paydays to recruits as incentive to attend their institution over another. This would keeprecruiting fair across the country for every school. Student-athletes endure countless hours of practice and athletic competition to earn pride,respect, and most importantly, money for their respective schools. Unfortunately, these athletesare taken out of the equation when it comes time to distribute the money generated by theirathletic programs. Paying players would do more than allow the underprivileged students toparticipate in basic college activities like dating or ordering a pizza with friends. A true athleteplays the game simply because he loves it. When you are in sports, it is more or less a businessand it is their job to make money for the school. For a given number of hours per week, they givetheir blood, sweat, and tears just to play a sixty-minute game or run two times around a track. .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 , .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .postImageUrl , .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 , .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:hover , .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:visited , .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:active { border:0!important; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:active , .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0 .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2dd9eeb15ddab99b48bde9cb96abe6f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Law EssayTake these factors and combine it with the athletes academic responsibilities, and its a lot toaccount for. When all is said and done, the athlete sees no money aside from scholarships. Itwould alleviate many other problems as well. Gambling and corruption on campuses is threateningthe honor of college athletics. Illegal dealings with agents, has increased as well. Paying anincome to athletes will lessen the control agents can place on players by reducing their need formoney. When university athletic departments are benefiting from these players, to the tune ofmillions of dollars, and the student-athletes are receiving only an education that they may or m ayA scholarship is nice, but it does not pay the bills for many of these players. If collegesand universities made money solely from ticket sales as a means of perpetuating sports programs,there would be no argument over whether college athletes should be paid. The cheating occurswhen colleges negotiate billion dollar television and multi-million dollar endorsement contracts. Those contracts and endorsements are the acts of businesses looking to make money, notnon-profit institutions. Colleges and universities are in the business of making money whetherthey admit to it or not, and they use student-athletes to do it. I believe the athletes should bepaid. How else do they make money? The athletes main accomplishments go unnoticed and thededication to the school is unappreciated. The paying of athletes would not be a paycheck butrather a support for the entertainment and flash money that they bring along with them to theUniversity. Paying them would not only be fair, but beneficial to both the student-athletes and theBibliography:

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Example

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic hypothesis of the Oedipus complex is considered as one of the most controversial theories in the psychological school of theories in the world. The term Oedipus complex was because of the tale of the King Oedipus and the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles. It dwells on a prophecy whereby a young protagonist man is predicted to murder his father and wed his mother in unclear circumstances (Ahmed, 61). From Freud’s perspective, it is evident that young boys require love form their parents and with specific reference to their mothers all of which is a natural need for nurturing from the mother. In addition, Freud notes that young men unconsciously harbor hatred towards their fathers, which grows into wishing for the death of the father. Freud bases his theory on two portions of the mind, the conscious part and the unconscious part. In addition, he also noted that there was a preconscious part of the mind, which is responsible for the interactions between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind. In addition, he considers that the preconscious and unconscious minds form the smallest parts of the brain. He also considers that the unconscious mind is responsible for instigating man’s desires for cravings and basic things such as sex, food, thirst among others (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 11). From Freud’s perspective, he sates that man is born as an infant who has a pure id. This id is however corrupted and evolves to from wishes of which are unconscious for the growing individual. His views that the corruption of the mind is on the unconscious part could be termed as insufficient and baseless. This is because he states of the division of the brain into three parts, which are diverse in terms of functionality. However in essence the real brain is not divided in the claimed three parts of which he attributes the human traits such as desire, needs and wants. Hence, his claims could also be termed as assumptions or mere speculation as they are lacking. The lack of the three parts of the brain within any real human brain could be a clear illustration of the deviation those theories have had on the psychoanalytic schools of thought (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 34). Thus, his position when applied to man exercising free will could be described as fulfilling the desires of the unconscious part all of which is communicated from the unconscious to the conscious part by the preconscious part of the brain. Freud in efforts to convince people that man in essence has an already mapped out fate or destiny all of which is defined by the unconscious part of the brain and communicated to the conscious part of the brain for execution by the preconscious part of the brain all of which are unseen. Freud’s theories were usually explicit on sexual issues, which were considered as untouchable issues at that period. He considers that man does possess free will but is instead driven by the life drive, which is the desire to survive, and the death drive, which is the desire to kill or cease living. From such issues we draw a conclusion that man has fate or destiny which is already predetermined by the natural forces and more so the unconscious part of the mi nd. Hence, according to Freud man does not possess free will but is instead directed towards a fate. In relation to Liaus and Oedipus, they both were unaware of the presence of each other’s existence and were instead directed towards their fate by the unconscious mind. Hence, they both played their role towards the fulfillment of the prophecy. Furthermore, Freud adds that sex and its related actions are based on the unconscious part of the mind. This brings forth the question as to why consensual sex is mere based on unconscious reactions. Thus if so people would have sex with every other person. From such we are able to arrive at a conclusion that individual actions are made from free will as an individual is able to determine if an action is adequate and right before proceeding with the execution of the task. Freud’s basis on the ‘Oedipus complex’ is based on his theory that attraction or desire for the parent who is preferably of the opposite sex is usually a component in the developmental stage especially for younger male children at around the age of five years. In addition according to Sigmund Freud the behavior exhibited by people in society arises from sex and nature all of which are part of the unconscious part of the brain. In addition, the sex and nature or instincts are neurological messages of the physical needs of humans. Hence, in relation to the mythical story of Oedipus, the death of Liaus, Oedipus’ father happened because of his resentment for his father and coupled by the presence of a complex and unfathomable relationship between Oedipus and his mother. Hence, all of the incidences of the myth of Oedipus are edged on the fate and from such it is easy to state that man lives according to his fate or destiny (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 41). On the other hand, man does not have free will as his actions are based on sexual desires. He presupposes that man when born harbors only sexual desire of which becomes evident in maturity. He lays too much emphasis on sexual desires as the driver of man’s actions and more so his actions of social interactions with other people. This statement is insufficient, as man does not interact on a sexual perspective in day-to-day life. Hence, his conclusion can also be disputed by the modern day psychological schools and modern day medicine. Modern day studies indicate that infants and younger children do not harbor any sexual thoughts or feelings hence his claims that man possesses sexual desires while still in the mother’s womb as an embryo. Such claims are insufficient because his efforts are to convince the world that man has his behavior embedded within his mind. Hence, his or her sexual acts are merely out of the subconscious part of the min (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 49). Oedipus did not consider Queen Jocasta as his biological mother of who he was predicted to marry by the oracle but instead considered her as a potential wife to be as she held the throne. In addition, Oedipus’ encounter, which resulted in the death of his father who was the king, happened when both were unaware of each other’s identity. Thus according to Freud Oedipus’ murder towards a father of whom he was not aware of, happened out of resentment for the male parent. This is an insufficient statement as the tow Oedipus and Liaus were unaware of each other’s identity. In addition, from the same perspective his marriage towards a mother whom he did not consider was out of love for his mother. This is untrue because none of the two had any idea of each other’s identity. On the other hand, fate had a great role to play in the myth because Oedipus and Liaus visited oracles in efforts to avoid each other’s paths. However their efforts were in futility as the two eventually met and Oedipus after committing the murder did not have an idea of the identity of Liaus and if he was his father. Oedipus’ choice to marry a woman well older than him, edged out of free will and fate. Thus, Freud’s view that there exists a sexual attraction for people and their parents of the opposite sex is edged on mere assumptions. This is because Oedipus did not possess any knowledge that he was about to meet his mother in his path of adventure (Ahmed, 68). In conclusion Sigmund Freud’s theory could be considered as mere sexualized as he considers every actions within the human brain is as a result of the need to have physical fulfillment of specific actions. Hence, his theories are inadequate in that they fail to account for other actions by people, which are not based on a sexual perspective. This is because minute actions by people are influenced by their sexuality and sexual thoughts. Hence, the rest of the actions are undetermined. The same theories are also indecent because as an individual I do not consider my mother or father from a sexual perspective without any regard for my gender. Thus we act based on our needs to fulfill specific needs all of which must not fall under a sexual perspective (Ahmed, 70). Work Cited Ahmed, Sofe. â€Å"Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus Complex: A Critical Study With Reference To D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers†Ã¢â‚¬  Internal Journal of English and Literature 3. 3(2012): pp 60-70.Print. Ellis, Albert, Mike Abrams, Lidia Abrams. Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009. Print.

War World I essays

War World I essays During the summer of 1914 World War I had begun when Austria-Hungary declared on Serbia. Nobody knew that twenty-one years later another world war would spark. Both wars very different because of the age gap but very alike on the subject of war. World War I began in the Balkans, where Archduke Francis Ferdinand heir to the Austria-Hungary throne was assassinated. Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of the assassination of their Archduke which would spark the beginning of a war. Austria-Hungary gained a promise of support for any action it took against Serbia. A list of demands was then sent to Serbia from Austria-Hungary. Serbia accepted most of the demands. Serbia then offered to have the rest settled by an international conference. When Austria-Hungary did not accept the offer they declared war on Serbia and expected a quick victory. World War II began on September 1st, 1989 when Germany declared war on Poland, Poland being the largest country for the Jewish population. Adolf Hitler had turned Germany into a war machine. Germany now powerful as ever crushed Poland, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, and France. World War I and World War II both had Germany on the enemy side against the US. Both of the wars were actually because of Germany, Germany backed Austria-Hungary which declared war on Serbia in WWI. Germany invaded Poland in WWII which caused the war to begin. WWI was a bit shorter than WWII which lasted for six years, where WWI lasted only about 4 years. In WWI Germany invaded only a few countries with the battles whereas in WWII Germany took over many countries with Hitler in power. Both of the wars were hoped as to be quick victories but that never happened. Also with both of the wars the US always started out as staying neutral until they were bought into the wars. In WWII the rise of dictatorships had come into play in Italy, Japan, the Soviet Union, and Germany. With WWI there were no set dictatorships...

Basic Boating

Adam Barner is the owner of Basic Boating, an independent dealer of secondhand boats in a small town near the main lake. Adam has contracted with several dealers to purchase secondhand boats in auctions that they do not want to sell and to discount or purchase directly from personal sources. As Adam's trade name implies, he is focusing on older, cheaper ships. In most cases, it is best to purchase a ship owner the sales of Basic Boating. But he sells boats of various styles. At the most basic level, chartering involves chartering and taking you to pre-arranged destinations / routes for fishing trips. There are 3 kinds of light boat, cabin, crew. The first one is like a straight line charter; you must take full ship's full legal and financial responsibilities and have the skills and experience necessary to operate the ship - normally you need a license of the captain is. You also must act as a captain to provide your own crew and make all necessary decisions. The cabin charter is an e xperienced captain you carry with you, and you and your friend are crews - this is a wonderful way to meet new people or connect with old friends. Finally, there is a regulation of the crew associated with the person who chose to participate in the crew, captain, chef etc. Adam Barner is the owner of Basic Boating, an independent dealer of secondhand boats in a small town near the main lake. Adam has contracted with several dealers to purchase secondhand boats in auctions that they do not want to sell and to discount or purchase directly from personal sources. As Adam's trade name implies, he is focusing on older, cheaper ships. In most cases, it is best to purchase a ship owner the sales of Basic Boating. - The growth of international bases in sales and marketing offices is driven by an increase in the number of customers in various industry sectors and the introduction of a differentiation department to bring differentiated departments closer to providing cross-border core custome r service (introduction of TIB Etc.) as a result of the necessity. Regardless of your professional level, safe boating has basic knowledge of navigation. These include always talking to someone before going out, always bringing a floating device, and knowing how to swim in advance. For details, please see the Safe Rowing page. The best sailor who is familiar with the sailing control is a person who can adjust the sail settings to take advantage of various wind and water conditions. Generally speaking, when the wind is very weak or strong, the sail should be relatively flat, and when the wind is moderate, the wind should fill. Basic Boating Adam Barner is the owner of Basic Boating, an independent dealer of secondhand boats in a small town near the main lake. Adam has contracted with several dealers to purchase secondhand boats in auctions that they do not want to sell and to discount or purchase directly from personal sources. As Adam's trade name implies, he is focusing on older, cheaper ships. In most cases, it is best to purchase a ship owner the sales of Basic Boating. But he sells boats of various styles. At the most basic level, chartering involves chartering and taking you to pre-arranged destinations / routes for fishing trips. There are 3 kinds of light boat, cabin, crew. The first one is like a straight line charter; you must take full ship's full legal and financial responsibilities and have the skills and experience necessary to operate the ship - normally you need a license of the captain is. You also must act as a captain to provide your own crew and make all necessary decisions. The cabin charter is an e xperienced captain you carry with you, and you and your friend are crews - this is a wonderful way to meet new people or connect with old friends. Finally, there is a regulation of the crew associated with the person who chose to participate in the crew, captain, chef etc. Adam Barner is the owner of Basic Boating, an independent dealer of secondhand boats in a small town near the main lake. Adam has contracted with several dealers to purchase secondhand boats in auctions that they do not want to sell and to discount or purchase directly from personal sources. As Adam's trade name implies, he is focusing on older, cheaper ships. In most cases, it is best to purchase a ship owner the sales of Basic Boating. - The growth of international bases in sales and marketing offices is driven by an increase in the number of customers in various industry sectors and the introduction of a differentiation department to bring differentiated departments closer to providing cross-border core custome r service (introduction of TIB Etc.) as a result of the necessity. Regardless of your professional level, safe boating has basic knowledge of navigation. These include always talking to someone before going out, always bringing a floating device, and knowing how to swim in advance. For details, please see the Safe Rowing page. The best sailor who is familiar with the sailing control is a person who can adjust the sail settings to take advantage of various wind and water conditions. Generally speaking, when the wind is very weak or strong, the sail should be relatively flat, and when the wind is moderate, the wind should fill.

American Indian Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American Indian - Research Paper Example The American Indians lived in solitude for many years until the coming of the Europeans, who later discovered America, making things less peaceful. Indians experienced forceful eviction from their land leading to war and a lot of bloodshed. The Indians had different views of the Europeans and knew they would use different techniques to attack them, including use of military force (Nichols 3). There are Indians who supported the white men, while others refused completely to surrender even when they were subjected to harsh conditions. The Indian Revolution Act, implemented in 1830, made several tribes migrate to the Western side of the country. With the revolt against the British and formation of US, the idea of civilization was conceived, and the American Indians were prepared for assimilation into United States citizens. It was integral to have a manifested destiny, as that would favour the nationalist movements that were present. Family Structure of the American Indians The family s tructure of the Indians was formed in such a way that it had to be obscure that an extended family existed. An extended family that lived together in one house were enumerated as subfamily members, and all the members were related to the holder of the house. An extended family that resided in several homesteads ensured they were at a close proximity to one another. However, the families were recognised as a single entity with independent households. Both the parents and grandparents resided in a dwelling place that was mobile, and they ensured they were near the children or grandchildren. The cultural conceptions of the Indians recognised an Indian grandmother as the aunt of a child as well as the grandaunt. Extended families were responsible for the formation of kinship networks, formed based on clan memberships and not necessarily by birth, marriage or adoption. Traditional Native families retained their Indian ways and had no influence from the urban ways of life (Lamanna and Rie dman 67). The Indian families relate more to people outside immediate family in a supportive way, and this is evident in the Sioux Families; where family involvement begins in the early stages of life as parents get selected for new born babies. The families strengths are seen in the helping systems present in the community at large, and they have spiritual courage that they obtain from their religion. The Indian families also have respect for one another and this is a basis they use for their later learning. American Indian Culture American Indians enjoyed freedom and contentment in their land, before corruption and other vices brought conflicts to the community (Porter 93). American Indian culture gave rise to many familiar symbols that depict struggle and triumphs, making many modern life aspects adopt them. Tepee and Peace Pipe are some of the symbols the natives used in their culture, as a tapestry of the American Native life. Everything from plants, animals, housing, to climat e conditions defined the Indian culture, with their animals being referred to as spirits; despite the fact that they hunted and killed them. The Indians’ clothes were made of animal skins, and the meat was greatly revered thus it never went to waste. There was a belief that spirits lived, and were present among all the Indian tribes. American Indians participated in agricultural

A Comparison between Charles Taylor and Will Kymlickas views on Essay

A Comparison between Charles Taylor and Will Kymlickas views on Multiculturalism with Minority Rights - Essay Example However, the implementation of equality and sharing of beliefs is the only way that discriminatory issues can be avoided and minority rights upheld, according to Taylor's philosophy. I personally tend to favor Taylor's point of view since it appears to have the most solidity in the view's being given. Of course he makes quite a few other interesting points in his writing, from my personal interpretation of it. Multiculturalism has a strong purpose in politics as when there are other nationalities living in a country they want to be able to feel they are a part of it (Taylor 1994). The only way this is possible is if they have awareness that they are included in the many political debates of the many topics concerning the country's needs or desire's for the people.Furthermore, Taylor shows the notion of multiculturalism gives identity to people as it defines them as human beings. If the politics of a nation where only centered around the natural origin of those living in a country, su ch as Americans in the United States, then there would be no sense of a multiculturalist identity for those who were of a foreign body that also dwelled in America as well. Therefore Taylor points out that it is crucial to acknowledge all people who reside in a country and that developing a political identity with the concept of multiculturalism is the way to go about creating equality and a sense of individuality for all of the various ethnic cultures within the body of a nation. A political body can not simply step up to a podium and refer to all people as Americans or Europeans and expect there to be unity in that nation. This is one of the strongest views of Taylor and this author feels it has a good relevance to the effect political bodies have on the citizens of a nation. If there is a lack of inclusion of one type of nationality there is going to be discord and inequality but if there is an inclusion of the whole concept of multiculturalism then it will make a nation stronger and the citizens of the communities will be united, or so it would appear. Also, Taylor also emphasizes the fact that recognition of different cultures is extremely important to provide equality in a nation. However, there can be various dilemmas with what people know about others and therefore the idea of misrecognition of a culturally diverse group can create just as many problems as actually not identifying their presence can create. For example people in a country often make assumptions about foreigners who live there. Before the facts are gathered false interpretations develop such as with Latino's, many people in America often identify all Latino's as being from Mexico and speaking the same form of language but this is the wrong impression. Latino's span out across many regions and they all do not look alike or speak alike therefore this is a simple example that can be given following Taylor's points of misrecognition of a culture between ethnicities. In fact Taylor states that the wrong idea can cause severe harm onto a culture as they are then faced with many discriminatory issues and don't feel a sense of equality either, which is one of the problems that is prevalent in many countries today, especially in the United States in particular. This results in a distorted image of a culture and impacts them in a negative way as they begin to feel that the main representative cultural body within a country is not willing to

Tips for writing formal reports Essay Example for Free

Tips for writing formal reports Essay 1. I t is necessary to write for a specific audience e.g. colleagues or the scientific public and to recognize the kind of information and order that that person or people will require. This means that there is no one format. 2. All reports must be written in the third person rather than the first or second i.e. ‘100 mls of water was added.’ Rather than ‘I’ or ‘We’ added 100 mls of water 3. A Grade Sheet is required as the first sheet This, like the rest of the report, should be produced on a word processor, double spaced on standard unlined paper with 1 inch margins all round. I t should include the experiment’s number, title of report, date and authors name. 4. Pages should be numbered from the title page onwards. 5. If this is a report produced by a student it should have a title page with the following information:- the title of the course taken, the author and title, names of any associates who assisted with the experiment, the name and address of the college department involved, the person to whom the report is being submitted such as a professor and the date of that submission. 6.This is followed by either an abstract , or the executive summary, usually of about 200 words, on occasion longer. These are written after the completion of the experiment and the rest of the report. The following points should be included, the purpose of the work, a statement of how this was accomplished and a summary of any conclusions reached together with any recommendations for future action. 7. This is followed by a table of contents. 8 There follows the introduction an explanation of why this experiment was done. 9.Then comes the experiment i.e. what was done and why 10 The results are outlined and discussed 11 Finally there must be a brief conclusion and any recommendations. 12 References should be made according to an agreed format e.g. A.P.A. 13 In some cases an appendices are needed for such things as lengthy lists of statistics or a list of calculations made. Each appendix should be numbered separately 14 Any report must be carefully checked for accuracy before submission.

Essay example --

When the 20th century came around America faced many challenges such as immigration, urbanization, and industrialization. To respond to these challenges the populist ask for more government intervention to fix these problems. Imagine your favorite team losing by three touchdowns going into the 4th quarter. The only way to get back into the game is by throwing the ball. By throwing the ball more makes you try to score quicker and get back in the game faster. Government was becoming more progressive domestically and internationally. Progressivism was the reform movement that ran from the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century. During the movement leading intellectuals and social reformers addressed the economic and political questions that had arisen. These rapid changes brought with the Industrial Revolution and the growth of modern capitalism in America. U.S. government became increasingly activists in both domestic and foreign policy. Progressives sought to extend their vision of a just and rational order to all areas of society and some, indeed, to all reaches of the globe. For example, Upton Sinclair’s graphic description of the meatpacking industry in his novel The Jungle so deeply disgusted the American people. In response, Congress passed legislation that same year, hoping to clean up the industry and protect American consumers. All this influence of more government intervention started during the Reconstruction Era. This Era was one of the most turbulent eras in American history. It witnessed America's first experiment in mass democracy. Reconstruction remains relevant today because the issues central to it the role of the federal government in protecting citizens' rights. This entailed a dramati... ...cturing economy, propelling America's rise to become the leading power in the world. Business and industrialization centered on the cities. The building of factories and a need for labor convinced people in rural areas to move to the city. This shifted America’s demographics dramatically. The United States transformed from an agrarian to an urban nation. In response to the challenges of the 20th century, America needed a progressive movement that was directed at solving the problems created by the Rapid industrialization. It was a time of enormous changes in American life. The movement help fuel the United States become an international power and help secure its economic strength. It brought about laws aimed at relieving these problems and improving society. Even though it resulted in increased government regulation, the regulation was needed to modernize America.

Hospitality Management Essay

What is Hospitality Management? Simply defined, Hospitality Management is the administration of policies and procedures relating to aspects of the hospitality industry/ industries such as hotels, motels, tourist attractions so on and so forth. Managing such categories may include indirect or direct supervision, administrative duties, critical thinking and a willingness to do what needs to be done in order to be successful. In my opinion, there are certain personal attributes that would allow an individual to be a successful manager within the hospitality industry. The main attribute would be an individual that strives for complete guest satisfaction. Although this may seem like a difficult or nearly impossible task, customer satisfaction is the key to the successful businesses. Guests don’t necessarily come back to a service, guests and customers often return back to a feeling. A feeling that they were taken care of and a notion that their business mattered! Guest satisfaction is anchored in customer service. As a manager within the hospitality industry, customer service is a skill that must be utilized by the manager and each and every subordinate employed within the establishment. This specific attribute is the backbone within the organization. Customer service will be the direct link to the ultimate goal of customer satisfaction. Complete customer satisfaction is the goal and customer service is the tool used to accomplish that goal. Determining what attributes I deem as a necessity for being a successful manager in the hospitality business come largely in part from my work experience for The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas. The Cosmopolitan is the newest resort and casino located on the famous Las Vegas stip. I am truly proud to say that I work for this amazing employer. I will cherish the experiences and life lesson that I have learned there always. The Cosmopolitan is not your normal hotel and casino. From the beginning, before the door even opened, he took class after class trying to teach the employees the importance of customer service, team work, empowering all of our employees, as well as having just the right amount of wrong so that we stood out; being a bit edgy! It was  our mission to be different, to break all of the stereotypes that were given to casinos, as well as the casino workers. We did not want to beat our direct competition, we wanted to be in a class all of our own. That is a goal that we have generally accomplished. Previous to my employment with The Cosmopolitan, I had always been taught and shown that manager handled all of the decisions. The subordinated just handled all of the leg work, if you will, while the managers made all the decisions. In my new position I realized that this former education was not suitable for successful relationships or an effective means to obtain customer satisfaction. I started empowering my subordinates by allowing them to make decisions. This new empowerment started with a program called the Make It Right program. Through this program, each and every one of the employees were given 2 Make it Right cards to start out with. Upon their discretion, they were allowed to give one to a guest that was not satisfied with their stay or experience. Some examples of when it would be appropriate to give out this card would be that the guest was supposed to check in at 3 and they were not able to get in their room until 8. Another example would be that the guests were supposed to have coffee pots in their rooms, but some of the pots were breaking so we did not have enough. An employee could then giv e out a card with enough money for 2 pots of coffee through room service. The employee would give out as much or as little as they deemed necessary for the specific situation. Of course all of the cards given out were monitored to ensure that proper distribution was taken place. The astonishing fact regarding this program, 95% of the cards were never given out. Employees were so set in their ways and not comfortable with the new freedom to make decisions that they simply were not comfortable making to decision on their own. This is where the managers came in, to attempt to empower their employees in smaller steps, as to make the employees more comfortable making decisions. Although ultimately the program was not as successful as what was hoped for, it showed me the utter importance of changing the way that I would treat my employees. I felt the importance of allowing them to make decisions and to feel as though that is a part of their job from the beginning. Another program that was started id called Reach. Reach allows selected employees to be spokesperso ns for their department. Every week a member from each department will go and mentor with another scheduled  department. For an example, a member of food and beverage will go and mentor with the front desk and then the front desk representative will mentor with the housekeeping department. These interactions are important as these employees will act like liaisons between the different departments. This program allows all employees to see where problems may be arising and that is the first step in solving all future and current problems. The data and feedback from these interactions are then given to the managers. It is then the manager’s job to take corrective action if necessary and help facilitate any changes that need to be made. This program allows managers and subordinates to be on the same page and reach out to all of the additional segments within the company to ensure that everyone is one the same page with promotions, upcoming events, banquets, and potential problems that have arose. Hospitality management is a position in which you have a great responsibility. The hospitality industry is about people. People that are choosing to share their life moments with you within your organization. They are sharing their weddings, vacations, conferences, birthday, anniversaries, and all other personal celebrations with you. Our guests and customers are completely dependent upon you to fulfill their expectations. Being a manager in the hospitality industry is managing, coordinating, instructing and being whatever needs to be done to fulfill those expectations. References Walker, J. L. (2006). Introduction to Hospitality, 4e (4th ed.). Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx. Powers, T., & Barrows, C. A. (2006). Introduction into Hospitality (8th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Fire Incident Happen In World Trade Center Environmental Sciences Essay

1.0 IntroductionHigh-rise edifice has become big portion of people and assets exposed, particularly for the big figure of high-rise edifices presently building in Asia and Middle East. Harmonizing to Hall.J.R. , ( 2005 ) reference about tower block edifice has lower hazard of fire per unit floor country. So this thought has brought and changed human perceptual experience advanced about building engineering. Mention to US NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, the edifices which have height more than 23m defined as tower block edifice. When constructing construct higher and higher, fire safety demand to be concern because it will impact the deliverance mission and fire combat operation. Evacuation procedure is of import assist people escape from edifice.2.0 Issue StatementIn recent old ages, fire onslaught in high rise edifice has become the common issue which cause many civilian deceases and injured. Civilians who stayed in high rise edifice were unable to get away because they located at high d egree from the land. On behalf the fire incident happen, fright besides has caused the job which makes them unable to get away. Although fire exigency issue are provided, it is excessively slow for civilian staying in the top floors of the edifice to get away. The opportunity of them to get away is low. Another job is trouble for fire combatants to make the upper floors. For illustration, the highest fire truck ladder can merely extends to the eight floors. In order to snuff out fire above that point, fire combatants must mount up many of stepss along with fire hosieries and other heavy equipment. High-rise edifices are designed to be safe. When come to many civilian stay at tall edifice, exigency response is become more hard to evacuate civilians out of the edifice. What tallness is considered tower block? Refer to paragraph 3.3.28.7 of the Life Safety CodeA ® , 2006 edition, defines a high-rise edifice as a edifice more than 75 pess ( 23 metres ) in tallness which measured from the lowest degree land floor entree to the floor of the highest of the edifice. Earlier to 1999, the National Fire Incident Reporting System ( NFIRS ) coded edifice tallness in scopes which considered as tower block such as 7-12 narratives, 13-24 narratives, 25-49 narratives, and 50 narratives or more. Get downing in 1999, NFIRS Version 5.0 permits the exact tallness to be recorded. It is besides possible to separate between height above land and entire tallness. In maintaining with the Life Safety Code definition, a tallness above land of seven or more narratives is used to specify tower block from 1999 on. There are many instances related to fire incident. For illustration, the incident go on on Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City wholly collapsed merely over one hr after fires raged in them upon the clang of two aeroplanes into them on 11 September 2001. This entire incident caused 2795 dead. Harmonizing to Craven.J. , ( 2001 ) The causes of edifices prostration was due to terrible weakening of the supporting strength of the towers ‘ steel-based supporting construction under impact from terrorist planes and utmost heat. Besides, the high-rise flat fire in Shanghai on15 November 2010 has become attending for people around the universe. This incident has taken 53 people life and injured 70 casualties. This incident was caused by the flicker during welding work. ( YeinJee ‘s Asiatic Journal, 2010 ) Furthermore, there is another fire incident happen in Busan on October 2010. Based on the study, there are no casualties were reported as most occupants were dis persed after the fire broke out. Fire combatants rescued 31 occupants, four of casualties were sent to the infirmary for intervention. Based on the probe, people suspect the cause happen from the fire started at the refuse room on the 4th floor which is extremely flammable wall stuff and strong air currents seemingly fuelled the fire. Based on incidents highlighted, the fire safety design needs to be considered more critically for all the high rise edifice. ( Koreabridge, 2010 )3.0 Research HypothesisThis research survey focused on two key countries which are the demand of fire safety shelter design needed in high rise edifice and to measure the consciousness of residents about fire safe shelter. Fire safe shelter is designed as safety floor which can let residents to remain for emptying. Harmonizing to Snyder.L. , ( 2009 ) mentioned about the shelter in topographic point is designed to let residents to withdraw to a safe country which can protect against heat and fume. That country can be used to help the orderly mercantile establishment of residents, hold residents until first respondents can deliver them, or keep residents until the menace is eliminated. Ever more, refuge countries provided bipartisan communicating systems to reach with first respondents. Recently, there are several Asiatic states such as China and Singapore has developed as many sky scrapers. During the designing procedure, tall edifices must be provided with refuge floors every 20 to 25 floors. These are normally mechanical floors ( no usually occupied infinite ) with at least 50 % of the floor country configured as an country of safety ( 2-hr separations to equipment infinites, no fuel burden, infinite to keep all residents of the floors between refuge floors at 0.3 M2 or 3 ft2per individual ) . They are required to be unfastened on two opposite sides so that fume will non roll up. Refuge floors provide a protected infinite for residents to rest or to expect aid, or to traverse between staircases. ( Code of Practice for the Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire, Part II, Section 21 Refuge Floors, Hong Kong Building Authority, 1996 ) Refer to Meacham.B. , ( 2006 ) mentioned about demands for refuge floors are comparatively new and are presently found in merely a few edifices. No existent emptyings have occurred but there is some experience from drills that indicates there may be a job when people reach a refuge floor and make up one's mind to wait at that place instead than go oning the emptying. Indeed, the consciousness of residents who stayed at high rise edifice should be considered. Each resident who stays in tower block should responsible to cognize where the safety topographic point is. Owner of the edifice should supply fire safety program and information which can steer residents to get away during fire incident. Fires Safety Drill should be organize by the fire section which can assist people more understand on what state of affairs and to protect themselves. During the drill procedure, occupants gather on the refuge floor such that extra geting residents can non come in. This is a drill procedure where the residents know they are non in danger and that they will be returning to their floor after the drill. Presently, the World Financial Center building in Shanghai incorporates refuge floors and besides uses two observation lifts running on the exterior of the ace columns on diagonal corners of the edifice. These lifts were originally designed to supply express serv ice merely to the observation deck on the top floor. These observation lifts were modified to halt at each of the safety floors to be used for occupant emersion in fires. Alternatively of people need to go from 25 floors to land floor, the better manner is utilizing the closest safety floor even if it was above your place.4.0 AimThe purpose of this research is to entree the demand for fire safety means in high rise edifices.5.0 Aims1 ) To detect how best to better fire safety by utilizing fire safe shelter. 2 ) To suggest solution on how to incorporate the fire safety design in high rise edifice.6.0 ScopeThis research discussed the design of shelters to protect against fire onslaught. The design of such shelters requires attending to jobs such as the figure of residents remaining or working in such edifice and besides the weight of the edifice which affected the design of shelter. The used of this fire safety system can take to better protection in order to cut down hazard of danger from residents. Besides, the counter measured for high rise edifice fire besides needs to be considered to cover with big hazard as follows, 1. Fire safe shelter design in tower block edifice 2. Emptying7.0 MethodologyIn order to accomplish the aims that have been stated, the research was carried out in measure by stairss. First of all, place the aims and range needed for this research. Secondly is followed by carry oning literature reappraisal about issue on fire incident happen in high rise edifice and the map of fire safety shelter presently use in the tower block edifice. This procedure helped in better apprehension on the research subject and integrated the cognition to the proposed topic. Besides, professional interviews with the designer and applied scientist besides conducted related to the fire safety shelter in safety design.8.0 Literature Review8.1 Issues ( Case Study ) Fire incident happen in World Trade Center in New York City Fire incident happen in high-rise flat in Shanghai Degree centigrades: UsersAcerDownloadsworld-trade-center-2nd-attack2-9-11-01.jpg Degree centigrades: UsersAcerDownloads11 ( 1 ) .jpg Beginning from Energy Matters ( 2012 ) Beginning from China stillness ( 2010 ) Figure 1 Figure 2 Harmonizing to figure 1, this fire incident was happened on 11 September 2001 in New York City. The United States has faced the cruelest terrorist onslaught in history. Thousands of citizens have been killed and many more injured. This incident has shocked and overwhelmed by the monolithic loss in lives and belongings. Everyone of the citizen in there feels driven to make something to react to the calamity happened. This twin tower of WTC has approximately 417 and 415 metres height. Along with the 110 floors Twin Towers were destroyed or severely damaged, including WTC edifices 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. The North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel ( 3 WTC ) and 7 WTC were wholly destroyed. The U.S. Customs House ( 6 World Trade Center ) , 4 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, and both prosaic Bridgess linking edifices were badly damaged. The Deutsche Bank Building on 130 Liberty Street was partly damaged and demolished subsequently. The two edifices of the World Financial Center besides suffered harm. The incident happened due to the impact of plane clang. A high monolithic detonation created highly high temperature which has weakened the strength of steel beads and increased warp. Mention to Craven.J. , ( 2001 ) has mentioned about the twin towers had redundant design which means if one edifice fail, another edifice carries burden. This twin towers had entire 244 columns each around the cardinal nucleus. Although there are some column damaged, but others could stay support. Due to the go oning fire combustion, the fire spread from one portion to another portion which has weakened floors and began to fall in. The crashed floor increased the impulse which has caused the edifice could non prolong the weight and collapsed wholly. Although the deliverance mission was conducted, but the accomplishments and engineering during current twelvemonth was stilled non in advanced, so the emptying mission was failed and many citizens were killed due to enable to get away. Figure 2 has showed another fire incident happened in Shanghai. This incident happened on 15 November 2010 at Jing An territory under redevelopment. This calamity has taken 49 people life. Harmonizing to Shanghai News ( 2010 ) has discussed about the fire happened was caused by unaccredited welders improperly runing their equipment and enkindled fire to the staging and light plastic webs which is extremely flammable. The fire started firing at the roof and continued spread the fire to plastic webs around the edifice. Based on the issues have been discussed, fire safety is critical of import to guarantee residents who stayed in tower block edifice are protected. In order to minimise the hazard, fire safe shelter is strongly recommended to plan in tower block edifice. This design may alter to better state of affairs when fire happen.8.2 Refuge floor ( Fire safe shelter )Refuge floor is a particular design recommended to put in in tower block edifice to protect residents for temporarily gather and delay for evacuate in instance of fire. Based on research inquiry, refugee floor is explained in general. Refuge floors should be installed in all edifices which exceed 25 floors in tallness. Mention to Hong Kong fire section, all refuge floors should follow with the demands as specified in the â€Å" Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire 1996 † published by the Building Department. In order to put in refuge floor, demands should purely follow. First is no occupied adjustment or nearby mechanical works room, except fire service H2O armored combat vehicles and affiliated fire service installing works room, at the same degree as the safety floor. Second, the country for safety should non be less than 50 % of the entire gross floor country of the safety floor and height non less than 2300mm. Third, the minimal dimension of the country for safety should be at least 50 % greater than the breadth of the widest stairway go throughing through the refuge floor. Fourth, the country for safety should be separated from the balance of the edifice in conformity with the demands in the Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction published by the Buildings Department. Continue by, the country for safety should be open-sided above safe parapet tallness on at least two opposite sides to supply equal cross airing: the unfastened sides should follow with the demands in the Cod e of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction. Next, any stairway passing through a refuge floor should be discontinued at such degree so that the issue path is diverted to go through over portion of the refuge country before it is continued to go out downwards. Furthermore, every portion of the country for safety should be provided with unreal illuming supplying a horizontal luminosity at floor degree of non less than 30 lx and backed up by an exigency illuming system supplying a horizontal luminosity at floor degree of non less than 2 lx. The design of the exigency illuming system should follow with the Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment. Furthermore, a refuge floor should be provided with such fire service installing and equipment as may be required by the Director of Fire Services. Other than that, a safety floor ( other than a roof ) should be served by a fireman ‘s lift. The lift doors should non open onto the refuge floor in normal ope ration and should be locked at all times until automatically released on propulsion of the fireman ‘s switch and eventually is the notices and directional marks should be provided at each floor. ( Fire Services Department, 2012 )8.3 EmptyingPresently, the fire and life safety systems installed in high-rise edifices including automatic fire sprinkler protection, are designed to command a fire and hence lessen the demand to evacuate all residents. In a typical scenario, the residents of the fire floor and the floors instantly above and below it should instantly utilize the issue stairs to fall to a floor degree that is at least several floors below the fire floor, and await farther direction from safety functionaries. Harmonizing to National Safety Council reference about successful and efficient emptying depends on complete preplanning, organisation, and supervising. Planing should carry on based on basic rule. First is constructing emptying organisation. Second is emptying pol icy and programs. Third is sensing and coverage based on fire or jeopardy. Follow by emptying plan coordination is about motion and emptying. Next is communicate to direct motion and emptying and last is review and rating.9.0 DiscussionAfter the literature reappraisal has been conducted, fire safety is strongly recommended to better in order to cut down hazard of decease and hurt. Height has caused the job when the tower block edifice caught fire due to natural catastrophe or human carelessness. Fire safe shelter has been introduced to guarantee the residents can remain from fire onslaught and the possibility to get away from the incident in the shortest clip. Based on this circumstance, the developer should see on the fire safety system in a high rise edifice. Due to the tallness of a high rise edifice, it causes the residents unable to get away straight from the edifice which means they will necessitate the aid from the fire brigade for emptying. Before they can get away from the incident, the design of fire safety shelter known as refuge floor can supply a safe country to the residents. Emptying program should work with refuge floor in order to evacuate the residents out of edifice in a shortest clip. Beside, the consciousness on the fire safety system should earnestly concentrate to all the residents of high rise edifice to guarantee they gain the cognition which can protect them in instance of fire.10.0 DecisionFrom this research, tallness is the issue which need to concentrate and see on the developing a tower block edifice. When fire incident happen, first thing the residents need to make is make n't panic. They should follow direction move to the safety floor and delay for evacuate mission. Therefore, an effectual fire safety system is of import to do certain an equal and effectual communicate system to all the floors. Residents may hold better protection to cut down the hazard to zero.

Xenophobia Essays - Emotions, Fear, Anti-Islam, Islamophobia

Xenophobia Essays - Emotions, Fear, Anti-Islam, Islamophobia Samantha Jacobs Cara Copolla English 101 December 9, 2015 Xenophobia Everyone has a fear of something, this could range anywhere from being scared of the dark, to fear of heights. People are not born with fears; something significant had to have happened for them to become fearful of such thing. Fear is what helps protect our country, without being scared of getting hurt, we cannot protect ourselves. Xenophobia is an intense or irrational fear of people from other countries. Depending on the actions taken because of this phobia will affect if it has a good or bad outcome. If this fear is used for good, then it can help keep this country safe and put security back into the eyes of the American citizens. Maggie Baker says Xenophobia is neither the fear of Xeni, nor of Xena. Rather, it's more about knee-jerk mistrust, dislike, and hatred for people who aren't part of your group Although this may be true, it must be taken into consideration of why that fear was built. Looking at the news it is easy to see that foreigners target America. The biggest historical event that happened was the 2001 terrorist attack on the twin towers. An Islam got onto a plane as the captain and flew the plane directly into the left tower, while this happened another plane was heading towards the white house where thankfully the passengers on the plane understood what was happening and managed to crash the plane before it got to the White House. As this all happened there was live video and as Carla Raisler said I was in OCharleys having a birthday dinner with my daughter and I remember seeing on every television screen the twin towers collapsing and smoke everywhere. As I saw this happening all I could think was how we need to capture the people who did this to us. We are the United States of America and it is our job to provide security, 2,996 Americans lost their lives that day and we need to make sure that it never happens again. In order to provide security we were able to learn from former incidents, such as 9/11, we now have high security at airports and every bag, and person is thoroughly checked. This is not Americans being rude and having hatred for one specific group of people. This is America making sure that what happened all those years ago will never happens again. In the last 15 years there have been over 45 different terrorist attacks in the United States, some have caused more deaths than others but either way that number should not be as high as it is. In 2009 A Muslim psychiatrist killed13 unarmed soldiers while 39 were injured. In 2013 Foreign-born Muslims describing themselves as 'very religious' detonate two bombs packed with ball bearings at the Boston Marathon, killing 3 people and causing 264 more to lose limbs. Just recently on December 2, 2015 a Muslim goes to a Christmas party with his wife and kills 13 people. When situations like these happen on a daily basis how are we as Americans not supposed to be scared? We should not judge a book by its cover, with that being said, we as Americans should not discriminate towards others with certain backgrounds. Not everyone is a bad person and as Theodore Roosevelt said In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon the person's becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but an American...There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag... We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language... and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people. This is what everyone needs to understand, Xenophobia may be

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Cost Effectiveness In Prison Management Criminology Essay It is unclear what characterizes an offender as elderly. The age of 65 as a marker between middle age and old age was based off of social legislation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries for purposes of determining eligibility for social, retirement or other benefits.19 Many offenders are considered by correctional authorities to be a part of the older prison population, despite being aged 15 years or more below societal perceptions of ages traditionally affiliated with being old. States have applied different factors to gauge the true age of elderly inmates as a result of their continuous exposure to the prison environment. Such factors include the stress and anxiety associated with living in an isolated environment, the degree of mental and physical impairment, and the higher risk of victimization due to the offenders advanced Elderly Inmates: A Growing Trend US- Graying Prison, Canada- Japan- HK- Argument against incarcerating the elderly offender Cost of Incarceration Basic Needs and Programs In the US, the courts have ruled that inmates have rights that are essentially dominated by the basic needs of all inmates. Sufficient nutrition, medical care, and safety are a few of the rights determined by the courts to ensure that basic needs are met. Programs have also been initiated for non-basic needs, for example, educational and training program, work programs and therapy and counseling programs. The programs that meet the basic and non-basic needs of older inmates are essentially the same as for younger inmates. However, there is a difference between what is required to meet the basic and nonbasic needs of younger versus older inmates. The discrepancies exist between and inmates needs which result in specialized programs (Wheeler, 1999). To cope with the needs of an increasing older prison population, states corrections departments have been taking steps ranging from developing targeted programs and activities for elderly inmates to providing specialized geriatric care. In a 2001 survey by the U.S. Criminal Justice Institute, approximately 15 of the 44 participating states and territories indicated that they provided supervised recreational programs specifically designed for older and elderly inmates. And other states have established educational programs on wellness and aging issues as part of an overall preventive care program. Ohios hocking correctional facility offers a 50+ and Aging program, which is designed to address the physical, psychological and social needs of older inmates. Such activities as chair aerobics, adult basic education and GED classes are provided as part of the program, as well as specialized recreational options, including bingo, shuffleboard, horseshoes and a walking program. Pennsylvania h as also provided inmate health care education programs, and has even offered a healthy heart food line, featuring low fat, high fiber foods for inmates (Abner, 2006). Accordingly, opponents are convinced that these specialized programs will needlessly consume the limited corrections and tax payers monies. Health Care Needs Another important factor to consider with respect to the incarceration of elderly offenders is the cost of health care. In a survey of the U.S. Department of Corrections in all fifty states, twenty-seven of the thirty-one institutions that responded identified medical needs and related factors as the most important or significant variable attributed to the cost of aging inmates (Wheeler, Connelly, Wheeler, 1994). Most states estimate that healthcare for an elderly prisoner costs roughly two to three times that for a younger prisoner. In some states, like North Carolina, the average annual cost of healthcare for prisoners 50 and older is four times higher than the cost for prisoners younger than 50. Moreover, while only 11% of North Carolinas prisoners are age 50 and older, the $25 million it costs the state each year to provide healthcare to these aging prisoners constitutes nearly 30% of the states total correctional healthcare budget (American Civil Liberties Union, 2012). In Flor ida, prisoners age 50 and older accounted for a disproportionate share of all medical contacts. While 11% of the total prison population was in this age range, these prisoners constituted 38% of all medical contacts for hypertension, 44% for diabetes, 21% for asthma, and 36% for general medicine (ACLU, 2012). As inmates age and the number of chronic illnesses increases, so does an individuals chance of needing hospitalization and geriatric care. Health problems such as strokes, Alzheimers disease, and other form of dementia that increase with age (Atchley, 1994). These illnesses even require specially trained personnel and twenty-four hour care, the type of care offered in nursing homes. Opponents believe just a few of the health care-related costs that currently and will continue in the future to face correction officials and society if we demand incarceration of elderly offenders and do not allow for alternative methods of sentencing. Housing Needs As the age of older offenders increases, whether from aging within prison or entering prison at an older age, their physical, social, and health care needs change. Therefore, modifications must be made with respect to the prison itself. Clearly, most prisons that exist today were not constructed or designed with the needs of older offenders in mind (Wheeler, 1999). Prison are going to have to be designed or renovated to provide elderly-friendly environments that will meet the physical, psychological, and social needs of older offenders. In the years to come, many of Japans 74 prisons will end up looking like Onomichi, an aging prison about 400 miles south-west of Tokyo that first started catering to older prisoners 20 years ago. A handrail runs the length of the corridor, and makeshift wheelchair ramps are kept at the entrance to the communal baths. There is a portable mattress on hand in case anyone feels faint, along with a wheelchair and, placed discreetly behind a desk, boxes of incontinence pads (McCurry, 2008). In the U.S., at the same time, specialized houing for elderly inmates appears to be another trend. At least 16 states provide separate housing facility for older prisoners (Abner, 2006). These examples indicate that with the aging population, there is a growing demand for barrier-free or elderly-friendly physical environments. Thus, opponents believe that the scare resources will be consumed. Safe Guarding the Older Offender Housing older inmates with the general prison population can place them in an environment that put their safety in danger. Older offenders are outnumbered and more vulnerable to attack. They are viewed as prey by younger, more aggressive inmates (Wheeler, 1999). According to a 2004 National Intelligence Council report (Abner, 2006), the lack of personal protection for elderly inmates, who may be frail and therefore vulnerable to the threats of assault by younger predatory inmates, contributes to the emotional stress and physical deterioration they routinely experience, especially among those who may be already vulnerable owing to chronic or terminal illness and who have few options for change in their environment. Providing housing that will meet the basic needs of older incarcerated inmates or simply providing for their safety is not cost-effective. Therefore, the opponents argue that alternative methods to incarceration should be considered. Training Staff Currently, corrections staff are trained much as prisons have been designed, with young, violent offenders in mind. Older offenders present an entirely different population, with different needs that require special training (wheeler, 1999). Very often, correctional and healthcare staff lack appropriate training and technical expertise and have not been properly trained to treat age-related illnesses, such as hearing loss, vision problems, arthritis, hypertension, and dementia (ACLU, 2012). Therefore, opponents view it is not cost effective to train future and retrain present prison staff to handle a relatively small percentage of incarcerated older offenders. There are less expensive and more effective ways of dealing with these problems. Argument for incarcerating the elderly offender Elderly Inmates Often Are Violent Offenders Studies of elderly offender have tended to categorize older inmates in a number of different ways, such as first time incarcerated and multiply incarcerated (Soderstrom, 1999). Teller and Howell state that first-time incarcerated offenders generally tend to have current sentences resulting from crimes committed against others, often in a spontaneous fashion, and thus do not view themselves as criminals. Conversely, multiply incarcerated offenders typically are locked up for premeditated crimes and do in fact view themselves as criminals (as cited in Soderstrom, 1999). Even the percent of violent crimes among elderly offenders are rather small. In the US, this age group constitutes 5.5 percent of all those arrested. Approximately fifteen percent of those elders arrested involve serious felonies, including murder, sex offenses, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, or drug trafficking (Ronald Jenifer, 2006). Although these percentages are rather small, they do indicate that an identifiable amount of serious crime is being committed by senior citizens, and sometimes these crimes are of a violent nature. Thus, the need to incarcerate some elderly offenders is arguable, given the seriousness of the criminal activity exhibited by at least a proportion of this older criminal subpopulation. Right to Appropriate medical Treatment Already Established The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the rights of inmates to have their medical needs met in Estelle v. Gamble (1976). In this case, the Court stated that deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain proscribed by the Eighth Amendment. Kratcoski Pownall advocated that whether economically practical or not, it clearly has been established through case law that correctional systems must provide a vast array of health care services, including medical, dental, nutritional, acute, and long term care (as cited in Soderstorm, 1999). Therefore, this is not about the cost effectiveness but the responsibility to ensure that the human rights of all inmates are protected. Specialized Programming and Treatment Already Exists for Elderly Inmates Correctional systems increasingly appear to be responding appropriately to the specialized needs of older offenders (Soderstorm, 1999). In the US, the Federal Bureau of Prisons led the way in implementing geriatric care units for elderly inmates, particularly with its creation of a medical unit for male inmates. This specialized unit had 57.6 percent inmates in the 51 or older category according to 1986 figures. Since the late 1970s, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has designated correctional goals to implement these ideal geriatric unit components. Typical programs in such a geriatric facility have included stress management, health wise, drug facts, and positive mental attitude (Kratcoki Pownall, 1989). Thus, it seems that whether economically practical or not, the Federal prison system has accepted the inevitable need to provide extended and specialized services to the elderly inmate. Problems with Age-Segregated Facilities There are a number of arguments against the use of age-segregated facilities, which would be the most costly of methods to handle elderly inmates. Because of the small number of geriatiric inmates that would truly be in need of age-segregated conditions of confinement, the creation of geriatric courts ande other types of age-segregation treatment in the criminal justice system would stereotype all elderly offenders as being feeble and incapable of withstanding regular incarceration conditions (Cavan, 1987). Furthermore, considerable evidence suggests that older inmates actually provide a stabilizing effect on the general inmate population (Rubenstein, 1984). In fact, McCleery (1961) described the inmate hierarchy as being based on seniority. It appears the older inmates serve as unofficial sources of information necessary for successful prison adjustment by younger offenders who tend to be unfamiliar with or unprepared for the rigors of prison life. It has even been suggested that older inmates are respected by younger inmates for their accumulated wisdom regarding the workings of daily prison life, which alleged allows them to manipulate the correctional system to their advantages (Wiltz, 1973). Furthermore, Kratcoski and Pownall (1989) pointed out most federal elderly inmates had been previously incarcerated, so they certainly were not naÃÆ'Â ¯ve about prison life. Therefore, not all elderly really require incarcerated into age-segregated or move toward a separate geriatric justice system.